Category: Techno Babble

Whether it’s in the home or the enterprise, physical security is always a foundational component of an all encompassing security policy. The usage of security cameras tends to be a corner stone of a physical security monitoring solution.

One of the biggest challenges with cameras tends to be the management and the storage of the video feeds/images. One of the best known open source solutions for addressing this task is Zone Minder.

Zone Minder presents users with a large number of solutions for monitoring, managing, and analyzing the video feeds from security cameras. Some of the highlights of Zone Minder include:

• Free, Open source and constantly updating.
• Works with most IP cameras (even ones with special functionality like PTZ, night vision, and 4k resolutions).
• Web based management console.
• Android and iOS applications for monitoring from anywhere.

To see more features of Zone Minder please visit the project’s home page at: https://zoneminder.com/features/

This article will cover the installation of Zone Minder on Debian 9 Stretch and another article will cover the configuration of Zone Minder to monitor security camera feeds.

Zone Minder Lab Setup Diagram

While this is a simplification of most IP camera installations, the concepts will still work assuming that the cameras have network connectivity to the Zone Minder server.

This article will assume that the reader already has a minimal base install of Debian 9 Stretch up and running. A bare install with SSH connectivity is all that is assumed.

A graphical environment is not needed on the server as everything will be served through the Apache web server to the clients connecting to the Zone Minder web interface.

Please see this article on Tecmint for installing Debian 9: https://www.tecmint.com/installation-of-debian-9-minimal-server/.

Server Specifications:

Since Zone Minder will potentially be saving lots of video/images, the biggest components necessary for this server will be network and storage capacity. Other items to take into consideration are the number of cameras, the quality of the images/video being sent to the server, number of users connecting to the Zone Minder system, and viewing the streams live through the Zone Minder system.

Important: The server being used in this guide, while old, is not the typical home user system. Please make sure to thoroughly evaluate usage requirements before setting up a Zone Minder system.

Zone Minder wiki article for Specs: https://wiki.zoneminder.com/How_Many_Cameras

System Specs:

• 1 HP DL585 G1 (4 x Dual core CPU’s)
• RAM: 18 GB
• 1 x 1Gbps network connections for IP cameras
• 1 x 1Gbps network connection for management
• Local Storage: 4 x 72GB in RAID 10 (OS only; ZM images/video will be offloaded later)
• 1 x 1.2 TB HP MSA20 (Storage of Images/Videos)

Installation of Zone Minder

The installation of Zone Minder is very straight forward and assumes root or sudo access on the particular server that Zone Minder is being installed.

Debian Stretch doesn’t have Zone Minder 1.30.4 in the repositories by default. Luckily a newer version of Zone Minder is available in Debian Stretch backports.

To enable backports in a clean installation of Debian, issue the following command:

# echo -e “\n\rdeb http://ftp.debian.org/debian stretch-backports main” >> /etc/apt/sources.list

Once backports have been enabled, the system will likely have a series of updates that will need to occur. Run the following commands to update the packages in preparation for the rest of this article.

# apt-get update
# apt-get upgrade
# apt-get dist-upgrade

The first step for the installation and configuration of Zone Minder is to install the necessary dependencies for with the following commands:

# apt-get install php mariadb-server php-mysql libapache2-mod-php7.0 php7.0-gd zoneminder

During this installation process, the MariaDB server installation may prompt the user to configure a root password for the database, **DO NOT FORGET THIS PASSWORD**.

Once the installation is complete, it is strongly suggested that the database be secured using the following command:

# mysql_secure_installation

The above command may prompt for the root password created during the MariaDB installation first and then will ask the user several security questions about disabling a test user, remote root login to the database, and removing testing databases. It is safe and suggested that ‘Yes’ be the answer to all of these questions.

Now the database needs to be prepared and a Zone Minder user for the database. The Zone Minder package provides the necessary schema for import. The import will create the user ‘zmuser’, the database ‘zm’, and setup a default password on the system *See below on how to change this*.

The following commands will prompt the user for the MariaDB database root user password.

# mariadb -u root -p < /usr/share/zoneminder/db/zm_create.sql
# mariadb -u root -p -e "grant all on zm.* to ‘zmuser’@localhost identified by ‘zmpass’;"

This part is only needed if the user wants to change the default user/password for the database! It may be desirable to change the database name, username, or password for the database.

For example, say the admin wanted to use a different user/password combination:

User: zm_user_changed
Password: zmpass-test

This would change the above MariaDB user command to:

# mariadb -u root -p -e "grant all on zm.* to ‘zm_user_changed’@localhost identified by ‘zmpass-test’;"

By doing this though, Zone Minder will need to be made aware of the changed database and user name. Make the proper changes in the ZM configuration file at ‘/etc/zm/zm.conf’.

Locate and change the following lines:

• ZM_DB_USER = zmuser ? Change ‘zmuser’ to the new user above. ‘zm_user_changed’
• ZM_DB_PASS = zmpass ? Change ‘zmpass’ to the new password used above. ‘zmpass-test’

The next step is to fix ownership of the Zone Minder configuration file so that it can be read by the apache user (www-data) using the following command:

# chgrp www-data /etc/zm/zm.conf

The www-data user also needs to be a part of the ‘video’ group on this system. To accomplish this the following command should be used:

# usermod -aG video www-datada

It is also necessary to set the proper time zone in the php.ini file locate at ‘/etc/php/7.0/apache2/php.ini’. Find the proper time zone and then using a text editor, locate the follow line and append the timezone information.

# nano /etc/php/7.0/apache2/php.ini

Change the line ‘;date.timezone =‘ to ‘date.timezone = America/New_York’.

Now Apache needs to be configured to serve out the Zone Minder web interface. The first step is to disable the default Apache page and enable the Zone Minder configuration file.

# a2dissite 000-default.conf
# a2enconf zoneminder

There are also some Apache modules that need to be enabled for Zone Minder to function properly. This can be accomplished with the following commands:

# a2enmod cgi
# a2enmod rewrite

The final steps are to enable and start Zone Minder! Use the following commands to accomplish this:

# systemctl enable zoneminder.service
# systemctl restart apache2.service
# systemctl start zoneminder.service

Now if everything went well, navigating to the server’s IP and Zone Minder directory should yield the Zone Minder management console as such:

http://10.0.0.10/zm

Congratulations! Zone Minder is now up and running on Debian 9. In next upcoming articles we will walk through the configuration of storage, cameras, and alerts within the Zone Minder console.

In order to protect sensitive data extraction from servers by users who have physical access to machines, it’s a best practice to disable all USB storage support in Linux kernel.

In order to disable USB storage support, we first need to identify if the storage driver is loaded into Linux kernel and the name of the driver (module) responsible with storage driver.

Run the lsmod command to list all loaded kernel drivers and filter the output via grep command with the search string “usb_storage”.

# lsmod | grep usb_storage

From lsmod command, we can see that the sub_storage module is in use by UAS module. Next, unload both USB storage modules from kernel and verify if the removal has been successfully completed, by issuing the below commands.

# modprobe -r usb_storage
# modprobe -r uas
# lsmod | grep usb

Next, list the content of the current runtime kernel usb storage modules directory by issuing the below command and identify the usb-storage driver name. Usually this module should be named usb-storage.ko.xz or usb-storage.ko.

# ls /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/usb/storage/

In order to block USB storage module form loading into kernel, change directory to kernel usb storage modules path and rename the usb-storage.ko.xz module to usb-storage.ko.xz.blacklist, by issuing the below commands.

# cd /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/usb/storage/
# ls
# mv usb-storage.ko.xz usb-storage.ko.xz.blacklist

In Debian based Linux distributions, issue the below commands to block usb-storage module from loading into Linux kernel.

# cd /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/usb/storage/ # ls
# mv usb-storage.ko usb-storage.ko.blacklist

Now, whenever you plug-in a USB storage device, the kernel will be fail to load the storage device driver intro kernel. To revert changes, just rename the usb module blacklisted back to its old name.

# cd /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/usb/storage/
# mv usb-storage.ko.xz.blacklist usb-storage.ko.xz

However, this method applies only to runtime kernel modules. In case you want to blacklist USB storage modules form all available kernels in the system, enter each kernel module directory version path and rename the usb-storage.ko.xz to usb-storage.ko.xz.blacklist.

For a long time, Mozilla’s Firefox has been my web browser of choice. I have always preferred it to using Google’s Chrome, because of its simplicity and reasonable system resource (especially RAM) usage. On many Linux distributions such as Ubuntu, Linux Mint and many others, Firefox even comes installed by default.

Recently, Mozilla released a new, powerful and faster version of Firefox called Quantum. And according to the developers, it’s new with a “powerful engine that’s built for rapid-fire performance, better, faster page loading that uses less computer memory.”

Read Also: How to Install Firefox Quantum in Linux

However, after I updated to Firefox Quantum, I noticed two significant changes with by far the biggest update to Firefox: first, it is fast, I mean really fast, and secondly, it’s greedy of RAM just like Chrome, as you open more tabs and continue to use it for a long time.

Therefore I carried out an simple investigation to examine Quantum’s memory usage, and also tried to compare it to Chrome’s memory usage, using the following testing environment:

Operating system - Linux Mint 18.0
CPU Model - Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-3120M CPU @ 2.50GHz RAM - 4 GB(3.6 Usable)

Firefox Quantum Eats RAM With Many Tabs Opened

If you open Quantum with just few tabs, let’s say up to 5, you’ll notice that memory consumption by Firefox is fairly good, but as you open more tabs and continue to use it for long, it tends to eat up RAM.

I performed a few tests using glances – a real-time Linux system monitoring tool, to view top process by RAM usage. Under this tool, to sort processes by RAM usage, simply press m key.

I started by running glances and sorting processes by highest RAM usage before launching Firefox, as shown in the screenshot below.

$ glances 

After launching Firefox and using it for close to half an hour with less than 8 tabs open, I captured a screenshot of glances with processes sorted by RAM usage shown below.

As I continued using Firefox through the day, the memory usage was steadily increasing as seen in the next screen shot.

At the end of the day, Firefox had already consumed more than 70% off my system RAM as shown by the red warning-indicator in the following screen shot.

Note that during the test, I did not run any other RAM-consuming applications apart from Firefox itself (so it was definitely the one consuming the most amount of RAM).

From the results above, Mozilla was rather misleading in telling users that Quantum uses less computer memory.

Having known Chrome for eating RAM, the following day, I decided to also compared its (Quantum’s) memory usage with Chrome as explained in the next section.

Firefox Quantum Vs Chrome: RAM Usage

Here, I started my test by launching both browsers with the same number of tabs and opening the same sites in corresponding tabs as seen in the screen shot below.

Then from glances, I watched their RAM usage (sorted processes by memory usage as before). As you can see in this screenshot, considering all Chrome and Firefox processes (parent and child processes) on average Chrome still consumes more percentage of RAM than Quantum.

To better understand memory usage by the two browsers, we need to clearly interpret the output the meaning of the %MEM, VIRT and RES columns from the process list headers:

• VIRT – represents the total amount of memory a process is able to access at the moment, which includes RAM, Swap and any shared memory being accessed.
• RES – is the accurate representation of how much amount of resident memory or actual physical memory a process is consuming.
• %MEM – represents the percentage of physical (resident) memory used by this process.

From the explanation and values in the screenshots above, Chrome still eats more physical memory than Quantum.

All in all, I suppose Quantum’s speedy new engine, that ships in with many other performance improvements speaks for its high memory utilization. But is it worth? I would like to here from you, via the comment form below.

Tripwire is a popular Linux Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that runs on systems in order to detect if unauthorized filesystem changes occurred over time.

In CentOS and RHEL distributions, tripwire is not a part of official repositories. However, the tripwire package can be installed via Epel repositories.

To begin, first install Epel repositories in CentOS and RHEL system, by issuing the below command.

# yum install epel-release

After you’ve installed Epel repositories, make sure you update the system with the following command.

# yum update

After the update process finishes, install Tripwire IDS software by executing the below command.

# yum install tripwire

Fortunately, tripwire is a part of Ubuntu and Debian default repositories and can be installed with following commands.

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install tripwire

On Ubuntu and Debian, the tripwire installation will be asked to choose and confirm a site key and local key passphrase. These keys are used by tripwire to secure its configuration files.

On CentOS and RHEL, you need to create tripwire keys with the below command and supply a passphrase for site key and local key.

# tripwire-setup-keyfiles

In order to validate your system, you need to initialize Tripwire database with the following command. Due to the fact that the database hasn’t been initialized yet, tripwire will display a lot of false-positive warnings.

# tripwire --init

Finally, generate a tripwire system report in order to check the configurations by issuing the below command. Use --help switch to list all tripwire check command options.

# tripwire --check --help
# tripwire --check

After tripwire check command completes, review the report by opening the file with the extension .twr from /var/lib/tripwire/report/ directory with your favorite text editor command, but before that you need to convert to text file.

# twprint --print-report --twrfile /var/lib/tripwire/report/tecmint-20170727-235255.twr > report.txt
# vi report.txt

That’s It! you have successfully installed Tripwire on Linux server. I hope you can now easily configure your Tripwire IDS.

Guider is a free and opens source, powerful system-wide performance analysis tool written mostly in Python for Linux operating systems.

It is designed to measure amount of system resource usage and to trace system behavior thus making it easy to analyze system performance issues effectively or allow for performance tunning.

It shows you a great wealth of information concerning CPU, memory, disk usage per thread, processes, system functions (user/kernel); therefore making it really simple to get to the bottom of an issue causing abnormal system performance or to improve overall system performance.

System Requirements

• Linux kernel (>= 3.0)
• Python (>= 2.7)
• Kernel buffer size of 40960.

In this article, we will show you how to install guider from source and use it to analyze and improve overall Linux operating system performance.

How to Build and Install Guider – Linux Performance Analyzer

To install Guider on Linux, first clone the guider repository from github as shown.

$ git clone https://github.com/iipeace/guider.git
$ cd guider
$ guider.py [Run without installing]

You can run guider.py without installing it. Alternatively, you can run the commands below to build and install it as shown.

$ make
$ sudo make install 

If you can use PIP in your system then install it using the following command.

$sudo pip install --pre guider

How to Use Guider to Analyze Linux System Performance

By default, guider is supposed to set buffer size for its operations. However, if it fails to do that and shows an error once you invoke it, you can check your buffer size, with this command.

$ sudo cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb

If the value is less than 40960, then set it to the required value as follows.

$ echo 40960 | sudo tee /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb

You can invoke guider in thread, function, top, file and system modes using the following syntax.

$ guider [ mode | file ] [options]

As is the case with most command line based Linux system performance analysis tools, you will need a wider screen to clearly view guider’s output.

Perform CPU Usage Analysis in Thread Mode

The following command will start accurate tracing in thread mode (press [Ctrl+c] terminate the tracing process). Once you terminate the process, it will save data and start the analysis process, and there after show you the analysis report.

$ sudo guider record 

The analysis report includes general system info, OS info, CPU info, memory info, disk info as well as thread info towards the end of the pager. Simply use the Up and Down arrows to scroll up and down the pager.

Perform Real Time Linux Monitoring in Top Mode

The following command will show resource usage of Linux processes in real-time.

$ sudo guider.py top 

You can set an interval for showing output using the -i switch as shown.

$ sudo guider top -i 2

To monitor all information concerning resource usage, use the -a flag.

$ sudo guider top -a

Analyze a Single Linux Process Using PID

First get the process ID using the pidof or ps command.

$ pidof apache2
OR
$ ps -e | grep apache2

Then analyze its resource usage using the following command, which outputs CPU cycle, instruction number, IPC, faults, cache miss, branch miss and so much more in real-time. The -g switch sets a filter which in this case is the process ID.

$ sudo guider top -eP -g 1913

Save Guider Output to a File

You can as well save trace data or any output in a file for later analysis. The following command saves the trace data in a file called guider.dat (by default) in the current directory, you can specify a different location as well.

$ sudo guider -s .

To save any other output in a file called guider.out (by default) in the current directory.

$ sudo guider top -o .

Then you can inspect these files through the cat command.

$ cat guider.dat
$ cat guider.out

We can not exhaust all the possible options here because the list of options is endless. You can see all options and more usage examples from the guider help page.

$ guider -h

Guider Github repository: https://github.com/iipeace/guider

Conclusion

Guider is a great system-wide performance analysis tool for the future. It is suitable for Linux experts. Try out most of its features and share your thoughts with us via the feedback form below. If you have come across any similar tools, let us know as well.

by Ravi Saive | Published: January 17, 2018 | January 17, 2018

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by Aaron Kili | Published: January 16, 2018 | January 16, 2018

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by Ravi Saive | Published: January 15, 2018 | January 15, 2018

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by Aaron Kili | Published: January 15, 2018 | Last Updated: January 17, 2018

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