Wired Gorilla » Linux Tutorials

Rebuilding/Restarting Exim Mail Server

jada — Wed, 17 Feb 2010 01:24:53 +0000

When troubleshooting the Exim log file:

tail -f /var/log/exim_mainlog

If you need to restart or rebuild Exim, you can dump your databases
* /etc/exim.conf
* /var/spool/exim/db

Which Exim just rebuilds automatically by issuing the following command via SSH:

rm -fv /var/spool/exim/db/*

Then to start Exim:

/scripts/eximup –force

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Linux server tip: force reboot/shutdown

wiredgorilla — Wed, 22 Apr 2009 15:31:05 +0000

Forcing reboot

A Linux Server is not Windows XP and if reboot fail you usually still connect by SSH and do something. This commands will show you how to remotely hard reboot machine. Hard reboot mean that shutdown scripts will not run and machine reboot immediately without syncing hard disk drives, shutdown applications etc, it’s more like hitting the reset button.

echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq

echo b > /proc/sysrq-trigger

This commands enable sysrq and after this calls fast reboot. If you want to force shutdown machine try this.

Force shutdown

echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq

echo o > /proc/sysrq-trigger

This came handy, when I had a server that had some IO error and it can no longer read from disk, only few cached binaries into memory kept it running (kernel, SSHD, bash), I could still access the machine via SSH but can no longer do anything, forcing the reboot as mentioned above was my only resort, and it worked like charm…

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How To Set Up A Load-Balanced MySQL Cluster With MySQL 5.1

wiredgorilla — Sat, 18 Apr 2009 01:05:47 +0000

This tutorial is based on Falko Timme’s tutorial for MySQL Cluster 5.0. It shows how to configure a MySQL 5.1 cluster with five nodes: 1 x management, 2 x storage nodes and 2 x balancer nodes. This cluster is load-balanced by an Ultra Monkey package which provides heartbeat (for checking if the other node is still alive) and ldirectord (to split up the requests to the nodes of the MySQL cluster).

In this document I use Debian Etch 4.0 for all nodes. Therefore the setup might differ a bit for other distributions. The two data nodes were x64 to use all of the 8GB RAM. Servers were compiled from source so you should be able to make it running on any platform. The MySQL version I use in this setup is 5.1.24-rc. It’s a release candidate, but I wanted to use 5.1 to take advantage of Memory-Disk Based tables.

Beginning with MySQL 5.1.6, it is possible to store the non-indexed columns of NDB tables on disk, rather than in RAM as with previous versions of MySQL Cluster.[More here]

This howto is just a scratch to make it running, for many of you I am suggesting to read some off docs from MySQL page to be prepared to how manage the whole cluster and always know whats going on.

This document comes without warranty of any kind! Bare in mind you need to make tests and prepare your databases before using it in production mode.

http://www.howtoforge.com/setting-up-a-loadbalanced-mysql-cluster-with-mysql5.1

Linux Server Type: Restoring MySQL SimLink. If you’re unable to restart mysqld and troubleshooting the cause:...

How to update Virtuozzo Node to the newest Kernel

wiredgorilla — Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:38:57 +0000

Virtuozzo includes a utility to update itself and the included templates. To run this, you will need to ssh into the hardware node and execute the command:

vzup2date

In order to update the templates, add a -t to the command thusly:

vzup2date -t

It should be noted that if Virtuozzo is installed on the server, the standard Redhat up2date command should never be run.

If you are running Virtuozzo on a Windows server, then you can run the Virtuozzo update utility accessed through the Start menu.

Virtuozzo: Fixing Windows VPS Container Start Errors Due to the way the Virtuozzo virtualization platform works, all...

Turbo charging MySQL by setting up the query cache

wiredgorilla — Fri, 27 Mar 2009 12:06:06 +0000

To make sure MySQL uses the query cache, there are a few variables you need to set in the configuration file . Usually its my.cnf or my.ini so check on your server with the shell command locate , in our case we are running on a CentOS 5.2 distro and to its my.cnf located in /etc so we opened it by using : nano /etc/my.cnf

First, is the query_cache_type. There are three possible settings: 0 (for off, do not use), 1 (for on, cache queries) and 2 (on demand). To ensure it is always on, place:

query-cache-type = 1

in the configuration file.

The query_cache_type is set to ON now. However, there is one more to set, and that is the query_cache_size. If set to 0 (the default), the cache will be disabled. This variable determines the memory, in bytes, used for the query cache. For our purposes, we will set it to 20 MB:

query-cache-size = 20M

Hope that helped a little

And if you want to check out whats happening in the mySql cache just run this comand

mysql -e “SHOW STATUS LIKE ‘%qcache%’;”

Linux Server Type: Restoring MySQL SimLink. If you’re unable to restart mysqld and troubleshooting the cause:...

Moving mySQL DBs between servers

wiredgorilla — Fri, 27 Mar 2009 12:02:59 +0000

Moving mySQL DBs from one server to another:

mysqldump -uUSER -pPASSWORD txp_database > txp_database.sql

puts the entire thing in one nicely portable text file.

on a new server it takes

mysql -uUSER -pPASSWORD txp_database < txp_database.sql

to import it.

Linux Server Type: Restoring MySQL SimLink. If you’re unable to restart mysqld and troubleshooting the cause:...

Taking backup of mysql database using cron

wiredgorilla — Fri, 27 Mar 2009 11:56:38 +0000

Taking backup of mysql database using cron

Create a file called database_backup.sh and also an empty directory called mysql_backup. The database_backup.sh script should have the following info :

————————————————-
#!/bin/sh

date=`date ‘+%m-%d-%y’`
mysqldump -u database_username -pdatabase_password database_name > ~/mysql_backup/database_name.$date
————————————————-

Run the script that performs the backup job.

————————————————-
* 23 * * * your_userid /path/to/backup/script
————————————————-

Set this script up to run every night, etc. as a cron job. It will save an sql dump of your database every night in the mysql_backup.

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How to Reset your Linux Root Password

wiredgorilla — Thu, 26 Mar 2009 12:02:45 +0000

Whenever you can’t remember Root password, you can read this tutorial and do step by step to Reset it … You can log in with single-user mode and create a new root password.
Reboot your computer. When GRUB is presenting the menu list, follow those instructions:

use the arrows to select the boot entry you want to modify
press e to edit the entry
use the arrows to go to kernel line
press e to edit this entry
at the end of the line add the word single (there should be a space between like / single)
press ENTER to go back to the parent menu
press b to boot this kernel

As root, changing password does not ask for your old password. Now, you can change root’s password by typing:

bash# passwd root

You’ll be asked to re-type the password for verification. Once you’re finished, the password will be changed and you can reboot by typing shutdown -r now at the prompt; then you can log in to root as before

My boot loader is LILO

At LILO boot loader type linux single and press [ENTER] key:
Boot: linux single
When you get the # prompt you will need to type passwd root to reset password:
# passwd
Reboot system:
# sync # reboot

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CentOS – what happened to netconfig in 5.1

wiredgorilla — Thu, 26 Mar 2009 07:33:12 +0000

For whatever reason CentOS decided to drop netconfig and renamed it to

system-config-network

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Common SSH Commands and Linux Shell Commands

wiredgorilla — Thu, 26 Mar 2009 07:30:20 +0000

We’ve put together some of the more frequently used SSH commands or linux shell commands, and organized them by name so you can easily find a command, their description and how to use it. This guide will continue to be updated and should not be considered a complete list of SSH commands or linux shell commands, but commands, we found, often used. If you would like to add to this guide, please email us and let us know.

Common SSH Commands or Linux Shell Commands,
ls : list files/directories in a directory, comparable to dir in windows/dos.
ls -al : shows all files (including ones that start with a period), directories, and details attributes for each file.

cd : change directory ? ? cd /usr/local/apache : go to /usr/local/apache/ directory
cd ~ : go to your home directory
cd – : go to the last directory you were in
cd .. : go up a directory cat : print file contents to the screen

cat filename.txt : cat the contents of filename.txt to your screen

tail : like cat, but only reads the end of the file
tail /var/log/messages : see the last 20 (by default) lines of /var/log/messages
tail -f /var/log/messages : watch the file continuously, while it’s being updated
tail -200 /var/log/messages : print the last 200 lines of the file to the screen

more : like cat, but opens the file one screen at a time rather than all at once
more /etc/userdomains : browse through the userdomains file. hit to go to the next page, to quit

pico : friendly, easy to use file editor
pico /home/burst/public_html/index.html : edit the index page for the user’s website.

vi : another editor, tons of features, harder to use at first than pico
vi /home/burst/public_html/index.html : edit the index page for the user’s website.

grep : looks for patterns in files
grep root /etc/passwd : shows all matches of root in /etc/passwd
grep -v root /etc/passwd : shows all lines that do not match root

touch : create an empty file
touch /home/burst/public_html/404.html : create an empty file called 404.html in the directory /home/burst/public_html/

ln : create’s “links” between files and directories
ln -s /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf /etc/httpd.conf : Now you can edit /etc/httpd.conf rather than the original. changes will affect the orginal, however you can delete the link and it will not delete the original.

rm : delete a file
rm filename.txt : deletes filename.txt, will more than likely ask if you really want to delete it
rm -f filename.txt : deletes filename.txt, will not ask for confirmation before deleting.
rm -rf tmp/ : recursively deletes the directory tmp, and all files in it, including subdirectories. BE VERY CAREFULL WITH THIS COMMAND!!!

last : shows who logged in and when
last -20 : shows only the last 20 logins
last -20 -a : shows last 20 logins, with the hostname in the last field

w : shows who is currently logged in and where they are logged in from.

netstat : shows all current network connections.
netstat -an : shows all connections to the server, the source and destination ips and ports.
netstat -rn : shows routing table for all ips bound to the server.

top : shows live system processes in a nice table, memory information, uptime and other useful info. This is excellent for managing your system processes, resources and ensure everything is working fine and your server isn’t bogged down.
top then type Shift + M to sort by memory usage or Shift + P to sort by CPU usage

ps: ps is short for process status, which is similar to the top command. It’s used to show currently running processes and their PID.
A process ID is a unique number that identifies a process, with that you can kill or terminate a running program on your server (see kill command).
ps U username : shows processes for a certain user
ps aux : shows all system processes
ps aux –forest : shows all system processes like the above but organizes in a hierarchy that’s very useful!

file : attempts to guess what type of file a file is by looking at it’s content.
file * : prints out a list of all files/directories in a directory

du : shows disk usage.
du -sh : shows a summary, in human-readble form, of total disk space used in the current directory, including subdirectories.
du -sh * : same thing, but for each file and directory. helpful when finding large files taking up space.

wc : word count
wc -l filename.txt : tells how many lines are in filename.txt

cp : copy a file
cp filename filename.backup : copies filename to filename.backup
cp -a /home/burst/new_design/* /home/burst/public_html/ : copies all files, retaining permissions form one directory to another.

kill: terminate a system process
kill -9 PID EG: kill -9 431
kill PID EG: kill 10550
Use top or ps ux to get system PIDs (Process IDs)

EG:
PID TTY TIME COMMAND
10550 pts/3 0:01 /bin/csh

10574 pts/4 0:02 /bin/csh

10590 pts/4 0:09 APP

Each line represents one process, with a process being loosely defined as a running instance of a program. The column headed PID (process ID) shows the assigned process numbers of the processes. The heading COMMAND shows the location of the executed process.

Putting commands together
Often you will find you need to use different commands on the same line. Here are some examples. Note that the | character is called a pipe, it takes date from one program and pipes it to another.
> means create a new file, overwriting any content already there.
>> means tp append data to a file, creating a newone if it doesn not already exist.
< send input from a file back into a command.

grep User /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf |more
This will dump all lines that match User from the httpd.conf, then print the results to your screen one page at a time.

last -a > /root/lastlogins.tmp
This will print all the current login history to a file called lastlogins.tmp in /root/

tail -10000 /var/log/exim_mainlog |grep domain.com |more
This will grab the last 10,000 lines from /var/log/exim_mainlog, find all occurances of domain.com (the period represents ‘anything’,
– comment it out with a so it will be interpretted literally), then send it to your screen page by page.

netstat -an |grep :80 |wc -l
Show how many active connections there are to apache (httpd runs on port 80)

mysqladmin processlist |wc -l
Show how many current open connections there are to mysql

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Moving large files from one linux server to your new linux server

wiredgorilla — Mon, 26 Jan 2009 12:12:40 +0000

Ok, so you like to move your 3 gig backup from your old server to your new server, but the the good old wget command is not doing the trick?

There is an easy way around with the scp command

Log into your old server where you want to move that big tar file from and

scp yourlarge3gigfile.tgz root@newserverIP.com:/home/
(enter the root pass for the new server and let it copy the file over)

If you run SSH on a different port (that is, not the default port 22) and you need to scp then it can be done by:

scp -P yourlarge3gigfile.tgz root@newserverIP.com:/home/

For example, if your ssh/scp is on port 2000 then:

scp -P 2000 yourlarge3gigfile.tgz root@newserverIP.com:/home/

the above command will connect to scp/ssh port 2000 and copy the file to the remote user’s home directory in the remote server.

If you use SSH key based authentication then when you scp, scp will not ask for user’s password. It will copy your file to the remote server using your ssh private key. Example,

scp -i your_private_key yourlarge3gigfile.tgz root@newserverIP.com:/home/

the above command will use your ssh private key and copy the file (file.txt) in the remote_user’s home directory.

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How to check and stop if DDoS attack is going on.

wiredgorilla — Sat, 20 Sep 2008 12:05:52 +0000

Distributed denial-of-service attacks
In a distributed attack, the attacking computers are often personal computers
with broadband connections to the Internet that have been compromised by viruses
or Trojan horse programs. These allow the perpetrator to remotely control machines
to direct the attack, and such an array of computers is called a botnet. With
enough such slave or zombie hosts, the services of even the largest and most well-connected
websites can be disrupted.

Denial-of-service attack

A denial-of-service attack (also, DoS attack) is an attack on a computer system
or network that causes a loss of service to users, typically the loss of network
connectivity and services by consuming the bandwidth of the victim network or
overloading the computational resources of the victim system.
Attacks can be directed at any network device, including routers and Web, electronic
mail, and Domain Name System servers.

A DoS attack can be perpetrated in a number of ways. There are four basic types
of attack:

1) consumption or overload of system or network resources, such as bandwidth,
disk space, or CPU time
2) disruption of configuration information, such as routing information
3) disruption of physical network components
4) disruption of normal operating-system functionality by exploiting a software
vulnerability.

Attempts to “flood” a network with bogus packets, thereby preventing
legitimate network traffic, are the most common form of attack, often conducted
by disrupting network connectivity with the use of multiple hosts in a distributed
denial-of-service attack or DDoS. Such attacks can consume the resources of
intervening systems and networks over which the attack is transmitted. Other
than incorrectly formed packets or random traffic, two specific sophisticated
means of attack include:

1) a smurf attack, in which ICMP requests are sent to the broadcast address
of misconfigured networks, with a faked, or spoofed, source IP Address set to
the one of the target
2) a SYN flood, in which bogus SYN requests to a service (often HTTP) cause
a server to be overloaded by spawning half-open connections
You can check the current http usage by firing the shell command

top -d2

If you are getting lots of httpd processes, then you have to check if it is
a DoS attack and the server is flooded with SYN packets. You can check this
by the following command.

netstat -nap | grep SYN | wc -l

If you are getting abnormal numbers then your server is under attack.
You can check from which IPs the SYN packets are coming. Give the following
command

netstat -nap | less

You will get all the details of kernel routing table also the IPs from where
the packets are coming. If it is coming from any particular IP then you can
simply block that IP on the server. Or if its from one network then you will
have to block the range of IPs.
If there are multiple IPs which are attacking then you will have to find which
site is under attack.
To check this go to /usr/local/apache/domlogs/
Check how stat’s date is defined. Then run the command “date“.
Check the current time of the server. Then you have to check which site was
under attack before few mins ago. Suppose current time is Sep 15 02:03:38 then
run the command

grep “15/Sep/2005:02:01″ *

It will show you the list of sites accessed at that time. If you see any particular
site is being accessed multiple times, then the site is under attack. You can
chnage the time to check if different sites are under attack. You can suspend
that site to prevent the server from overloading.

Many times the attack hits a particular IP and all the sites having that IP
get attacked. All you have to do is change the IP of those sites and then null-route
that IP.

These are the simple steps you have to follow when attack is going on. Obviously
you have to use your presence of mind while working on it. You will find many
ways to solve this issue.

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How can I repair corrupt MySQL tables?

wiredgorilla — Fri, 12 Sep 2008 09:37:36 +0000

How can I repair corrupt MySQL tables?

Every so often, MySQL
tables have a way of corrupting themselves. MySQL offers a quick and
painless method of repairing those tables.

cd /usr/local/mysql/var/[DBNAME]/

You will need to replace [DBNAME] with the actual name of your database.

Stop the MySQL server:

/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql stop

NOTE: Accounts created before July 7th, 2003 will want to use:

/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld stop

To check the tables:

myisamchk *.MYI

To repair tables:

myisamchk -r *.MYI

Restart MySQL:

/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql start

NOTE: Accounts created before July 7th, 2003 will want to use:

/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld start

Alternatively, if you do not want to shut down MySQL, you can use mysqlcheck.

mysqlcheck [DBNAME]

To repair the database tables:

mysqlcheck -r [DBNAME]

You will need to replace [DBNAME] with the actual name of your database.

You can find additional documentation here:

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/Table_maintenance.html

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/Using_mysqlcheck.html

Linux Server Type: Restoring MySQL SimLink. If you’re unable to restart mysqld and troubleshooting the cause:...

How to mount and unmount a drive in linux

wiredgorilla — Tue, 26 Aug 2008 00:35:29 +0000

How To Mount A Drive In Linux

This simple step by step guide will show you how to mount a new hard drive or partitions onto your Linux server

Initially you wanna check the hard drives on your system

fdisk -l

so now you now whats being seen by the system

Command Line

mount /dev/partitionId /some/mounting/point

for example

mount /dev/sdb /backup

The mounting point path must already be created with proper permissions. So a more likely flow of commands would be below:

Command Line

mkdir /some/mounting/point

chmod 777 /some/mounting/point

mount /dev/partitionId /some/mounting/point

for example:

mkdir /backup

chmod 777 /backup

mount /dev/sdb /backup

Now you just need to add the addon hard drive into fstab to be booted on startup as well

nano /etc/fstab

How To Unmount A Drive In Linux

Command Line

umount /dev/partitionId

This command is very easy to type wrong. It is NOT unmount. Take another closer look if thats what you saw at first. It is umount — no n here!

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Linux sub directory size info

wiredgorilla — Sun, 20 Jul 2008 16:14:05 +0000

Need to know the exact size of your subdirectories in Linux?

Just go to the directory , like cd / and try this

du -cksh *

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Easyapache failing on CentOS server

wiredgorilla — Sun, 20 Jul 2008 01:13:15 +0000

Had an issue with one on our CentOS cPanel servers running 64 bit and cPanels easyapache upgrade. The folks at cPanel helped out with their usual professional response

The cause of the EasyApache failure, according to the log, was a failure of the package manager, in this case yum. This was caused by a problem with domain name resolution, which was preventing yum from accessing its mirrors. Here is what I found:

[root@server ~]# yum check-update
Could not retrieve mirrorlist http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=5&arch=x86_64&repo=os error was
[Errno 4] IOError:
Error: Cannot retrieve repository metadata (repomd.xml) for repository: base. Please verify its path and try again
[root@server ~]# host mirrorlist.centos.org
[root@server ~]#

Note that no result was returned for mirrorlist.centos.org. To correct this, I added the following to the top of the /etc/resolv.conf file:

nameserver 4.2.2.1

This is one of the root nameservers. After I made this change, mirrorlist.centos.org was resolvable, and yum worked correctly:

[root@server ~]# host mirrorlist.centos.org
mirrorlist.centos.org has address 72.21.40.11
[root@server ~]# yum check-update
base                      100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00
updates                   100% |=========================| 951 B    00:00
addons                    100% |=========================| 951 B    00:00
extras                    100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00
Excluding Packages in global exclude list
Finished

wget.x86_64 1.10.2-7.el5 base
[root@server ~]#

Adding a root nameserver to /etc/resolv.conf is meant to be a temporary measure, so you will need to take a look at the other nameservers listed in the file and make sure they are valid recursive nameservers that will do host look-ups for domains that they do not host.

EasyApache should work properly now.

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How to find MAC address in CentOS

wiredgorilla — Sat, 19 Jul 2008 01:53:22 +0000

Open SSH and type the following and press Enter:

/sbin/ifconfig | grep -i hwaddr

The sequence of hexadecimal digits that appears to the right of eth0 HWAddr (e.g. 08:00:27:ED:DA:8b) is
your network card’s MAC Address

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cPanel – Manually back up and transfer an account via SSH

wiredgorilla — Sun, 22 Jun 2008 14:43:56 +0000

Sometime accounts are to big to transfer via the WHM transfer feature.

Below you can find some steps to do so manually

Log into your server and create a cPanel backup for the account

/scripts/pkgacct backup

refers to the username you want to backup.

is the path to where the backup will be placed (in your case you want to put /backup/cpbackup here).

So backup tells pkgacct that you want to create a backup file.

If you leave this off it creates a cpmove archive. Not sure what the difference is between a cpmove and a backup file, but this tells pkgacct you just want to create a .tar.gz file in .

And after the backup has been completed you can simple move it by pushing it via SCP

here is the tutorial http://www3.wiredgorilla.com/content/view/322/1/

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Problems with CenotOS5 – cPanel and BIND

wiredgorilla — Sun, 22 Jun 2008 14:06:36 +0000

If you have issues with cPanel running CentOS5 with BIND then the easiest way is to downgrade BIND to 9.2.4

The reason you’re having trouble is because CentOS 5 uses bind-9.3 and CentOS 4 uses bind-9.2 – The changes between these versions is significant enough that cPanel won’t work with it properly.

For instance by default there is no /etc/named.conf file created when bind-9.3 is installed and the default named.conf file for bind-9.3 is significantly different than in older versions.

Until the code is updated to work with bind-9.3, I have found the workaround to be to remove bind-9.3 packages and install bind-9.2 packages as follows:

Log into your servers via SSH and firstly we BIND

yum remove bind-*

yum remove bind

Then we ll install the old BIND rpm’s from a mirror closed to you

rpm -Uvh –nodeps http://ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/linux/CentOS/4.6/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/bind-libs-9.2.4-28.el4.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh –nodeps http://ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/linux/CentOS/4.6/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/bind-utils-9.2.4-28.el4.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh –nodeps http://ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/linux/CentOS/4.6/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/bind-9.2.4-28.el4.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh –nodeps http://ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/linux/CentOS/4.6/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/caching-nameserver-7.3-3.noarch.rpm

simlink this
ln -s ../../lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8b /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.4

service named start

The –nodeps flag is tagged on because of dependency "libcrypto.so.4" for the bind packages.
IMPORTANT!

Run those cPanel SSH comands

/scripts/fixndc
/scripts/rebuildnamedconf

You’ll also need to edit /etc/yum.conf and add a line in the [main] section
that starts "exclude=" or append to this line if it already exists "bind* caching-nameserver".

nano /etc/yum.conf

This prevents yum from updating bind-9.2 to bind-9.3 and in the process breaking cPanel.
If you fail to do this when cPanel update is run BIND will get updated and the DNS functionality of cPanel will break.
I hope this helps shed some light on this anoying issue.

PS: To find the dowload mirrors appropiate to your location please go here

http://www.centos.org/modules/tinycontent/index.php?id=13

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kernel yum upgrade

wiredgorilla — Sat, 21 Jun 2008 23:41:29 +0000

check what kernel you are running at the moment

uname -a

and to upgrade your kernel

yum update \kernel*

check if your kernel is added to grub

cat /boot/grub/grub.conf

and then reboot

shutdown -rf now

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